SCREENING FOR IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA IN INFANTS: RISK FACTORS IN CALLAO-PERU
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Objective: To determine the risk factors associated with iron deficiency anemia in children under 36 months of age attended at a Health Center in Callao. Material and Methods: A quantitative, descriptive, non-experimental, cross-sectional, descriptive study was carried out in a Health Center in Callao-Peru in 2023. A questionnaire of questions validated by experts in the area was applied, with an Aiken value of 1. To evaluate reliability, Cronbach's Alpha was used, obtaining a value of 0.805. The results were analyzed using the Odds Ratio technique and the Chi-square test. Results: Children with an inadequate diet had a 5.473 higher probability of acquiring anemia. As for pathological factors, those children with conditions such as diarrhea, respiratory infections or parasitosis have a 1.415 times higher risk of anemia. On the other hand, sociodemographic and environmental factors do not play a significant role in the development of this disease. Conclusions: The risk factors predisposing to the development of iron deficiency anemia in children under 36 months are nutritional and pathological factors.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Khan L. Anemia in Childhood. Pediatr Ann [Internet]. 2018 Feb [cited 2023 Oct 21];47(2). Doi: 10.3928/19382359-20180129-01
Jeng SS, Chen YH. Association of Zinc with Anemia. Nutrients [Internet]. 2022 Nov 20 [cited 2023 Oct 21];14(22):4918. Doi:10.3390/nu14224918
Ministerio de Desarrollo e Inclusión Social. Plan Multisectorial de Lucha contra la Anemia [Internet]. MINSA. 2018 [cited 2023 Jun 10]. https://www.gob.pe/institucion/midis/informes-publicaciones/272499-plan-multisectorial-de-lucha-contra-la-anemia
Habib A, Kureishy S, Soofi S, Hussain I, Rizvi A, Ahmed I, et al. Prevalence and Risk Factors for Iron Deficiency Anemia among Children under Five and Women of Reproductive Age in Pakistan: Findings from the National Nutrition Survey 2018. Nutrients. 2023 Jul 28;15(15):3361.
Organización Mundial de la Salud. Anemia [Internet]. Organización Mundial de la Salud. 2023 [cited 2023 Jun 10]. https://www.who.int/es/health-topics/anaemia
Belachew A, Tewabe T. Under-five anemia and its associated factors with dietary diversity, food security, stunted, and deworming in Ethiopia: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev [Internet]. 2020 Feb 12 [cited 2023 Jun 7];9(1):1–9. Available from: https://systematicreviewsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13643-020-01289-7
Mantadakis e. Iron deficiency anemia in children residing in high and low-income countries: risk factors, prevention, diagnosis and therapy. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis [Internet]. 2020 Jun 28 [cited 2023 Oct 21];12(1):e2020041. doi:10.4084/MJHID.2020.041
Ministerio de Salud. Norma Técnica - Manejo terapéutico y preventivo de la anemia en niños, adolescentes, mujeres gestantes y puérperas. [Internet]. MINSA. 2017 [cited 2023 Jun 10]. p. 1–41. http://bvs.minsa.gob.pe/local/MINSA/4190.pdf
Organización Mundial de la Salud. La guía de la OMS ayuda a detectar la deficiencia de hierro y proteger el desarrollo del cerebro [Internet]. OMS. 2020 [cited 2023 Jun 10]. https://www.who.int/news/item/20-04-2020-who-guidance-helps-detect-iron-deficiency-and-protect-brain-development
Naciones Unidas-CEPAL. Malnutrición en niños y niñas en América Latina y el Caribe [Internet]. Naciones Unidas. 2018 [cited 2023 Jun 10]. https://www.cepal.org/es/enfoques/malnutricion-ninos-ninas-america-latina-caribe
Lemoine A, Tounian P. Childhood anemia and iron deficiency in sub-Saharan Africa – risk factors and prevention: A review. Archives de Pédiatrie. 2020 Nov;27(8):490–6.
Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar. Anemia en niñas y niños de 6 a 35 meses de edad [Internet]. INEI. 2022 [cited 2023 Jun 10]. p. 1–378. https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1898/libro.pdf
Da Silva LLS, Fawzi WW, Cardoso MA. Factors associated with anemia in young children in Brazil. PLoS One. 2018 Sep 25;13(9):e0204504.
López E, Vázquez-López MA, Galera-Martínez R, Lendínez-Molinos F, Gómez-Bueno S, Martín-González M. Prevalence and associated factors of iron deficiency in Spanish children aged 1 to 11 years. Eur J Pediatr [Internet]. 2021 Sep 23 [cited 2023 Oct 21];180(9):2773–80. Doi: 10.1007/s00431-021-04037-8
Sunardi D, Bardosono S, Basrowi RW, Wasito E, Vandenplas Y. Dietary Determinants of Anemia in Children Aged 6-36 Months: A Cross-Sectional Study in Indonesia. Nutrients. 2021;13(7):2397. doi:10.3390/nu13072397
Verduci E, D'Elios S, Cerrato L, et al. Cow's Milk Substitutes for Children: Nutritional Aspects of Milk from Different Mammalian Species, Special Formula and Plant-Based Beverages. Nutrients. 2019;11(8):1739. doi:10.3390/nu11081739
Visser M, Van Zyl T, Hanekom SM, et al. Nutrient patterns and their relation to anemia and iron status in 5- to 12-y-old children in South Africa. Nutrition. 2019;62:194-200. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2019.01.016
Meshram II, Neeraja G, Longvah T. Vitamin A Deficiency, Anemia, and Nutritional Status of under 5-Year Children from Northeast India. Indian J Community Med. 2021;46(4):673-679. doi:10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_62_21
Belachew A, Tewabe T. Under-five anemia and its associated factors with dietary diversity, food security, stunted, and deworming in Ethiopia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev. 2020;9(1):31. Published 2020 Feb 12. doi:10.1186/s13643-020-01289-
Martinez V, Torres N, Davis JA, Corrales-Medina FF. Anemia and Associated Risk Factors in Pediatric Patients. Pediatric Health Med Ther [Internet]. 2023 Sep [cited 2023 Oct 21]; Volume 14:267–80. 10.2147/PHMT.S389105
Yu EX, Addo OY, Williams AM, et al. Association between anemia and household water source or sanitation in preschool children: the Biomarkers Reflecting Inflammation and Nutritional Determinants of Anemia (BRINDA) project. Am J Clin Nutr. 2019;112(Suppl1):488S-497S. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqaa148
Sunuwar DR, Singh DR, Pradhan PMS, Shrestha V, Rai P, Shah SK, et al. Factors associated with anemia among children in South and Southeast Asia: a multilevel analysis. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2023 Feb 15 [cited 2023 Jun 10];23(1):343. https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-023-15265-y#Abs1
Gongora C, Mejias R, Vázquez L, Álvarez J, Frías A. Factores de riesgo de anemia ferropénica en niños menores de un año. Revista Peruana de Investigación Materno Perinatal [Internet]. 2021 Nov 26 [cited 2023 Jun 13];10(3):26–34. https://doi.org/10.33421/inmp.2021238
Cipriano Karen CR. Factores de riesgo para anemia ferropénica en niños menores de 5 años, Centro de Salud Materno Infantil Piedra Liza - 2020 [Internet]. [Lima]; 2020 [cited 2023 Jun 10]. https://repositorio.ucv.edu.pe/handle/20.500.12692/80796
Ortiz Romaní KJ, Ortiz Montalvo YJ, Escobedo Encarnación JR, De la Rosa L, Jaimes Velásquez CA. Analysis of the multicausal model of anemia level in children 6-35 months old in Peru. Enferm. glob. [Internet]. 2021 [citado 2023 julio 21]; 20(64): 426-455. https://dx.doi.org/10.6018/eglobal.47287
Gallagher PG. Anemia in the pediatric patient. Blood. 2022;140(6):571-593. doi:10.1182/blood.202000647
Reyes-Narváez SE, Valderrama-Rios OG, Atoche RDP, Ponte-Valverde SI. Factores asociados a la anemia infantil en una zona rural de Huaraz. Comuni@cción: Revista de Investigación en Comunicación y Desarrollo [Internet]. 2022 Dec 31 [cited 2023 Jul 20];13(4):301–6. https://doi.org/10.33595/2226-1478.13.4.782
Tesema GA, Worku MG, Tessema ZT, et al. Prevalence and determinants of severity levels of anemia among children aged 6-59 months in sub-Saharan Africa: A multilevel ordinal logistic regression analysis. PLoS One. 2021;16(4):e0249978. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0249978
Li, H., Xiao J., Liao M. et al. Anemia prevalence, severity and associated factors among children aged 6–71 months in rural Hunan Province, China: a community-based cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 20, 989 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09129-y
Segoviano-Lorenzo MC, Trigo-Esteban E, Gyorkos TW, St-Denis K, Martínez-De Guzmán F, Casapía-Morales M. Prevalence of malnutrition anemia and soil-transmitted helminthiasis in preschool-age children living in peri-urban populations in the Peruvian Amazon. Cad. Saúde Pública. 2022; 38(11): e00248221. doi: 10.1590/0102-311XEN248221.
Peso J. Factores asociados a la anemia en niños menores de 5 años y mayores de seis meses en la Posta de Salud - Pajarillo, Mariscal Cáceres – 2022 [Internet]. [Trujillo]: UCV; 2022 [cited 2023 Jul 15]. https://repositorio.ucv.edu.pe/bitstream/handle/20.500.12692/117167/Pezo_EJI-SD.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y